1. Coming and going
2. Since March 2019
3. Natural spread
4. Cross-reactivity
5. Therapy
1. Coming and going
The agents of the disease Covid-19 (Sars-CoV-2, and the so-called Iranian, Italian, British, South African, Brazilian, Indian mutants, variants, strains, clades) are non-novel viruses that lived peacefully with/in an animal, mutated in it so that they could infect humans, and then mutated in them again into lethal guests that could cause a pandemic with the death of, say, 20% of the earth’s inhabitants.
The 2003 Sars-Cov-1 coronavirus, with much higher mortality than the current Sars-CoV-2, disappeared in 2003 without lockdown or vaccination. Likewise, the Mers-CoV coronavirus in2012. The initial, proven Sars-CoV-2 has apparently died out in the UK and many other countries as well without vaccination and with inadequate lockdowns. China’s 1.4 billion people have been free of Sars-CoV-2 since19.03.20.[1]
Tanzania is free of “Corona” since May 2020, without lockdown and vaccination, Equatorial Guinea since 13.08.2020. Australia and New Zealand are almost free of deaths since August 2020 after previous light lockdowns and without vaccination. Vietnam, North Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Zimbabwe, Uruguay have few Sars-CoV-2 deaths without vaccination.
[1] Coronavirus in China: Keine neuen Infektionen gemeldet. Update vom 19. März, 6.15 Uhr: Zum ersten Mal seit dem Ausbruch des neuartigen Coronavirus Anfang Januar hat China landesweit keine lokalen Neuinfektionen mehr gemeldet. In China hat jetzt trotz Corona das landesweit größte Bierfest angefangen. Hunderttausende Besucher werden erwartet. 04.08.2020, 16:54. www.merkur.de
Mitte Mai 2020 wurde der letzte Coronatote in China dokumentiert (afp/aerzteblatt.de Zahl der Coronafälle in Wuhan offenbar höer als gemeldet. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 30.12.2020).
TagesschauTV. 12.9.2021 „China hatte die Ausbreitung des Cornavirus nach einer ersten Welle Anfang 2020 weitgehend eingedämmt. Durch die Delta-treten aber inzwischen immer wieder kleinere Virus-Cluster auf. Meist machen die Behörden dafür Menschen verantwortlich, die aus dem Ausland eingereist sind.“
“In China gibt es seit Monaten kaum lokale Fälle und damit auch praktisch kein Risiko, sich anzustecken.“ (Kretschmer F. China das Land der Impfskeptiker ist jetzt Impfweltmeister. RND 02.06.2021).
Erste Testimpfungen wurden an Militärangehörigen im Juni 2020 vorgenommen. Impfungen mit dem chinesischen Produkt sinopharm wurden ab dem 31.12.20 an den Corona-freien Menschen in China vorgenommen.
Of the 30 countries with the lowest rate of Corona deaths, 20 are in Africa[1], nine in Asia, and New Zealand (11th place) in Australia. Of the 30 countries with the highest rate of corona deaths, 21 are in Europe, eight in America, and Armenia in Asia. In Europe, in ascending order of rates of corona deaths, the countries affected are Iceland, Norway, Monaco, Finland, Belarus, Estonia, Denmark, Latvia, Ukraine, and Ireland.
In countries in Africa, the Sars-CoV-2 types kill relatively few people.
In Taiwan, Vietnam, China, Singapore also relatively few.
The USA has the third-highest rate of corona deaths, Brazil the 24th highest, Russia the 46th highest, India the 76th highest.[2]
2. Mass infections of Sars-CoV-2 since March 2019.
It is likely that outbreaks of severe coronaviruses have occurred before.
Evidence and evidence of the widespread Sars-CoV-2 since March 2019 has been published for Hubei Province in China as well as for the USA, Spain, Italy, France after a pandemic was declared.
– Sars-CoV-2 was subsequently detectable in sewage from Barcelona as early as 12 March 2019.[3]
That SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in sewage before it becomes medically apparent has been shown in the Netherlands. In Amersfoort, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in wastewater on 05.03.2021. On 11.03.2021, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in people there for the first time.[4]
- Since August 2019 or early autumn 2019, activities and disease symptoms characteristic of COVID-19 can be detected around Wuhan, China.[5]
- On 30 January 2020, the first cases of Covid-19 were reported in Rome, Italy, namely two tourists from China, and on 21 February 2020, the first case of indigenous infection was reported in Codognol, Italy.
- However, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have already been subsequently detected in 111 (11.6%) of 959 serum samples from healthy subjects since 03/09/2019 to 10/02/2020.
[1] s. z.B. Ojal J, Brand SPC, Were V et al. Revealing the extent of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya based on serological and PCR-test data. medRxiv BMJ Yale 03.09.2020
[2] https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/mortality
[3] Chavarria-Miró G, Anfruns-Estrada E, Guix S, et al. Sentinel surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater anticipates the occurrence of COVID-19 cases. medRxiv BMJ, June 13, 2020
[4] Medema G, Heijnen L, Elsinga G, et al. Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 RNA in Sewage and Correlation with Reported COVID-19 Prevalence in the Early Stage of the Epidemic in The Netherlands. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2020, 7, 7, 511-516
[5] Nsoesie EO, Rader B, Barnoon YL, et al. Analysis of hospital traffic and search engine data in Wuhan China indicates early disease activity in the Fall of 2019.
- The number of mostly asymptomatic infected persons in Italy must therefore be assumed to be five times greater than indicated by the Italian government.[1]
- A global spread of SARS-CoV-2 since October 2019 was calculated retrospectively.[2]
- Researchers in the US have indicated “the period between mid-October and mid-November 2019″ as the likely time during which the first case of SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Hubei Province.” [3]
- The actual US numbers calculated for 4 April 2020 were 8.1 million Corona-infected people, 26 times greater than the 311,000 officially identified.[4] The statistical curves allow us to calculate a start of the infections before 2020. Assuming exponential growth with infected persons doubling every seven days, the first infection would have to have occurred on 21 October 2019.
For France, the first two infections with SARS-CoV-2 were reported on 24 January 2020. Both individuals had been in Wuhan, China.
- But for the period between November 2019 and January 2020, 13 infections due to SARS-CoV-2 have been detected in France.[5]
- Verified by subsequent radiological diagnosis, cases of Covid-19 occurred in the Colmar region, France since 16 November 2019.[6]
- Antibodies to Sars-CoV-2 have been found retrospectively in US Red Cross blood supplies from nine states in the US since 13 Dec 2019.[7]
- In early December 2019, the virus was subsequently detectable in the throat swab of a boy in Milano, Italy who had fallen ill on 30 Nov 2019.[8]
- Sars-CoV-2 was subsequently detectable in sewage from Milano and Turin on 18 December 2019 and from Bologna on 29 January 2020.[9]
[1] Apolone G, Montomoli E, Manenti A, et al. Unexpected detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the pre-pandemic period in Italy. Tumori Journal, Nov 11, 2020
[2] VanDorp L, Acman M, Richard D, et al. Emergence of genomic diversity and recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2. Infection, Genetics, and Evolution. May 05, 2020
[3] Pekar J, Worobey, M, Moshiri N, et al. Timing the SARS-CoV-2 Index Case in Hubei Province. bioRxiv. Version 1. Preprint. 2020 Nov 24
[4] Lu FS, Nguyen AT, Link NB, et al. Estimating the Cumulative Incidence of COVID-19 in the United States Using Four Complementary Approaches. Mauricio Santillana (msantill@fas.harvard.edu) Preprint
[5] Carrat F, Figoni J, Henny J, et al. Evidence of early circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in France: findings from the population-based “CONSTANCE” cohort. Eur J Epidemiol 36, 2019-222 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00716-2
[6] Loesch E. Fondation Diaconat Mulhouse. Coronavirus/COVID19. 07.05.2020
[7] Basavaraju SV, Patton ME, Grimm K, et al. Serologic Testing of US Blood Donations to Identify Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-Reactive Antibodies: December 2019 – January 2020. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 30 Nov 2020
[8] Amendola A, Bianchi S, Gori M, et al. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in an oropharyngeal swab specimen, Milan, Italy, early December 2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Feb [date cited]. https://doiorg/10.3201/eid2702.204632. 08.12.2020
- Some late 2019 deaths in the US that had been attributed to influenza turned out to be caused by Sars-CoV-2 in March 2020.[1]
- SARS-CoV-2 has already been subsequently detected in the serum of a sick person in France for 27 Dec 2019.[2]
- The “BlueDot” automated surveillance system at the University of Toronto, Canada reported a cluster of cases of “unusual pneumonia” around a market in Wuhan, China shortly after 24:00 on 30 December 2019.[3]
- In the Netherlands, an infection with Sars-CoV-2 was detected for the first time on 27.02.2020. Three weeks earlier, but on 06.02.2020, Sars-CoV-2 was detected in the wastewater of Groningen.[4]
These data from earlier, more frequent occurrences of Sars-CoV-2 indicate a slower rate of spread and lower lethality of the virus than those projected since late January 2020.
3 Natural spread
Near the equator, human-associated viruses are likely to have emerged with the advent of humans, beneficial, harmless ones as well as differentially dangerous ones, very deadly ones like Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, and less deadly ones like coronaviruses. The growth of the dangerous viruses is limited there outside of humans by sunlight, by temperatures above 38° Celsius, and by intense, tropical rain.
More than two-thirds of corona-like, animal-borne virus outbreaks in humans stop on their own.[5]
However, the viruses can live and multiply in bats because of their non-daytime activity, their stay in cool caves, and their special immune system. They are infected by Sarscov2 via transmission to healthy human and animal carriers (tiger, lion, cats, dogs, mink[6]) and ingestion from infected vertebrates e.g. pigs and insects[7] and wetted plant surfaces.
[1] Chow P. Did Coronavirus Originate in China? YourView 19.03.2020
[2] Deslandes A, Berti V, Tandjaoui-Lambotte Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 was already spreading in France in late December 2019
[3] Stieg C. How this Canadian start-up spotted coronavirus before everyone else knew about it. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/03/bluedot-used-artificial-intelligence-to-predict-coronavirus-spread.html . Mar 3, 2020.
[4] Medema G, Heijnen L, Elsinga G, et al. Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 RNA in Sewage and Correlation with Reported COVID-19 Prevalence in the Early Stage of the Epidemic in The Netherlands. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2020, 7, 7, 511-516
[5] Pekar J, Worobey, M, Moshiri N, et al. Timing the SARS-CoV-2 Index Case in Hubei Province. bioRxiv. Version 1. Preprint. 2020 Nov 24
[6] USDA APHIS|Confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Animals in the United States. 14.10.2020
[7] Balaraman V, Drolet B, Mitzel DN et al. Mechanical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by house flies. Parasites Vectors 2021 14:214, Dimkic I, Fira D, Janakiev T et al. The microbiome of bat guano: for what is this knowledge important? Applied Microbiol and Biotechnol 2021, 105:1407-19.
The National Health Laboratory in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania detected Sars-CoV-2 in papaya, a goat, and a quail.[1] In Germany, “Corona mass outbreaks occurred during the harvest of vegetables and fruit, in the meat industry…”.[2]
From coronavirus-affected pigs (equipped with ACE2 receptors that enable infection), the viruses were spread to thousands of workers and residents in large-scale slaughterhouses through aerolising processing and refrigeration systems. Mink were fed the slaughter remains and the viruses spread from them to humans again.
Mass infections of harvesters occurred during the harvesting of cucumbers and asparagus. “Seasonal workers harvest cucumbers in a field with a cucumber flyer … exactly how the corona infection was able to enter the farm remains unclear.”[3] “The virus is relatively durable on surfaces.”[4]
Infections of deadly viruses occur in clusters. However, they come to a halt of their own accord through the death of the carriers (e.g. humans).
In more northerly and southerly regions, as seen from the equator, a drop in temperature of up to 4° Celsius, weaker solar radiation and softer rain have a beneficial effect on the vitality of coronaviruses.[5]
This makes it theoretically possible to eradicate the carrier (e.g. human) by deadly viruses in so-called temperate latitudes.
There, however, infections by potentially lethal coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV) are intercepted by immune reactions to previously passed corona infections on the part of harmless coronaviruses, see the following.
4 Cross-reactivity
[1] Fisayo-Bambi J. Tanzania: goat, pawpaw, jackfruit test positive for coronavirus. Africanews. 06.05.2020. https://www.africanews.com/2020/05/06/tanzania-how-can-goat-papaya-pawpaw-test-positive-to-corona-morning-call/
[2] Strack C. Corona-Massenausbruch: „Zweierlei Maß“ bei Erntehelfern, Deutsche Welle 04.05.2021
[3] Schürer J. Corona-Masseninfektion bei Erntehelfern in Bayern. Agrarheute, 27.07.2020. Richter CD. Ernten mit Risiko. Deutschlandfunk Kultur 24.08.2020
[4] Gerritzen A. Medizinisches Labor Bremen. In ZDF 09.05.2020 10:55 Uhr. Corona bei einer Papaya?
[5] Gundy PM, Gerba CP, Pepper IL. Survival of Coronaviruses in Water and Wastewater. Food Environ Virology 1, 2009. Ficetola GF, Rubolini D. Climate Affects Global Patterns Of Covid-19 Early Outbreak Dynamics. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.23.20040501.
30% of “colds”, “flu-like infections”, “flu-like illnesses” of people in the “temperate latitudes” are caused by the harmless human coronaviruses CoV 229E, CoV OC43, CoV NL63, CoV HKUV. On average, an adult becomes infected with such coronaviruses about every 30 months.
10% of adults and 62% of children are equipped with immune reactions against “flu-like” corona infections that cross-react with Sars-CoV-2.[1]
Approximately 33% of the population has T-helper cells that react against these harmless coronaviruses.
Antibody cross-reactivity between “flu-like” human coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 together with an existing T-cell as well as B-cell memory may form important limitations to infection. A possible change in the severity of the covid-19 disease may account for the age-determined susceptibility to covid-19 disease, as the higher rates of infection by “flu-like” coronaviruses in children compared to adults are consistent with the relative protection of children from covid-19.[2]
Higher antibody titres against harmless cold coronaviruses are associated with significantly shorter illness symptoms in the case of illness caused by Sars-CoV-2.[3]
“Prior infections by seasonal HCoV OC43 virus provide protection against dangerous COVID-19 disease”[4] and “Prior infections by seasonal coronaviruses may protect against a severe course of the disease (COVID-19).”[5]
Conclusion
[1] Ng KW, Faulkner N, Cornish G, et al. Preexisting and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans. Science, Nov 6, 2020. Braun J, Loyal L, Thiel A. SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19. Nature 587, 270-274 (2020)
[2] Ng KW, Faulkner N, Cornish G, et al. Preexisting and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans. Science, Nov 6, 2020
Braun J, Loyal L, Thiel A. SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19. Nature 587, 270-274 (2020)
Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Ramirez SI. Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals. Cell, Vol 181, Issue 7, May 14, 2020
[3] Gouma S, Weirich ME, Bolton MJ, et al. Sero-monitoring of health care workers reveal complex relationships between common coronavirus antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 severity. medRxiv preprint DOI: hattps://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.12.21255324. April 19, 2021.
[4] Dugas M, Grote-Westrick T, Merle U, et al. Lack of antibodies against seasonal coronavirus OC43 nucleocapsid protein identifies patients at risk of critical COVID-19. J Clin Virol 2021.
[5] Dugas M, Grote-Westrick T, Vollenberg R, et al. Less severe course of COVID-19 is associated with elevated levels of antibodies against seasonal human coronaviruses OC43 and HKUI (HCoV OC43, HCoV HKU1). Int J Infect Dis. 19 Feb 2021.
Human “flu-like” coronaviruses can induce immunisations by antibodies, T-cells, and B-cells that protect against the consequences of infection by SARS-CoV-2. Previously practised interaction of children with each other as well as with adults causes the formation of protective immune responses of children and adults.
[1] Isolation of immunocompetent children, masking, and hygiene measures beyond the cleanliness practised until the “start of the pandemic” already has an infection-promoting effect within one year in temperate regions. The increase in Sars-CoV2 infections in Germany, after extensive lockdowns and AHA measures, was associated with the one-time complete absence of the expected 2020 influenza wave.[2]
The prevention of protective immunisation by “flu viruses” possibly resulted in the increased spread of Sars-CoV-2.
5 Therapy
Australia has averaged 10 new Sars-CoV-2 infections per day since late September 2020. Temperature sunlight and eucalyptus trees contribute to this comparatively minimal spread.
Australia is the original home of the eucalypus tree, Eucalyptus maculata citridion.
Eucalyptus extracts in many forms have been known for over hundreds of years as active substances against diseases, e.g. of the respiratory tract of humans and animals. As early as about 1900, the author Brian Chudleigh from California was quoted as follows:
“There is a mania throughout the state concerning the eucalyptus or Australian blue gum tree … Eucalyptus drives away fevers and kills malaria. Its leaves cure asthma. Its roots turn chills into cold jelly. Its bark cures a dog’s hoarse bark.
A dead man buried in his coffin made of the wood of the blue eucalyptus is protected against the inquiring mole and the invading worm … this absurd vegetable is now growing all over the state. There is no escaping it… It defaces every landscape with bruises and embitters every breeze with reminders of an old woman’s medicine chest. Let us have no more of it.”[3]
[1] Dugas M, Schrempf IM, Ochs K, et al. Association of contact to small children with a mild course of COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis, Vol 100, Nov 01, 2020:314-315
[2] Sullivan SG, Carlson S, Cheng AC, et al. Where has all influenza gone? The impact of COVID-19 on the circulation of influenza and other respiratory viruses, Australia, March to September 2020. 26.11.2020
Müller C. Influenzasaison 2020/21. Bleibt die Grippewelle aus?. DAZ.online. 14.01.2021
dpa. Novum in Deutschland. Zum ersten Mal ist die Grippewelle ausgeblieben. Ärztezeitung 22.04.2021
[3] Menefy D, Judd W. Eucalypts: Trees of the Future. New Zealand Geographic July/Aug 2002.
Eucalyptus has helped to eradicate the malaria-spreading mosquitoes that were introduced to Australia by the European conquerors.[1]
Just before covid-19 pathogens emerged globally in October 2019, many isolated pockets of fire in Australia set fire to “unusually extensive eucalypt forests in the southeast”.[2] This distributed large aerosols of eucalyptus.
Deputy Minister of Traditional Medicine of Bolivia Felipe Quilla and the late President of Tanzania John Pombe Joseph Magufuli recommended eucalyptus inhalations against coronaviruses in March-April 2020.[3] They were condescendingly quoted in local newspapers. Scientific articles since 2008 report the effect of eucalyptus against cold viruses by application to the throat, inhalation, and ingestion of drops.[4]
The extract, Eucalyptus citridiora oil, contains the active ingredient para-menthane 3.8-dio (PMD). PMD is a common insect repellent for humans and animals. And it destroys, for example, Sars-CoV-2 on surfaces within minutes.
In May 2020, the UK government confirmed in Parliament a Sky News report that Citridiol and Mosi-Guard would be distributed to UK military personnel for protection against Covid-19.[5] These are the trade names of products containing PMD. The British government announced on 26.08.2020 that the virus variant “SARS-CoV-2 England-2” is destroyed within minutes by “Citriodil” or “Mosi-Guard Natural”, which contain PMD.[6]
[1] Siehe z.B. La Canna X. Curious Darwin: Why is there no malaria in Australia’s northern capital? https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-09-26/curious-darwin-why-is-there-no-malaria-northern-capital/8964984 Zugriff 10.12.2021
[2] Van der Velde IR, Van der WErf GR, Houweling S, et al. Vast CO2 release from Australian fires in 2019-2020. Nature 597, 366-369(2021).
[3] Youtube D Plus Production. Rais Dkt Magufuli Msiache Asili jifukizeni/Hakuna farmigationyoyote inayoweza kuua Corona. 22.04.2020
[4] Rakover Y, Ben-Arye E, Goldstein LH. The treatment of respiratory ailments with essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants. Harefuah, 2008 Oct; 147(10):783-8, 838
Usachev V, Pyankov O, Usacheva OV. Antiviral activity of tea tree and eucalyptus oil aerosol and vapour. J of Aerosol Sci May 2013, 59:22-30
Kramer A, Eggers M. Prevention of respiratory viral infections by virucidal mucosal antisepsis among medical staff and in the community. Hyg Med 29.06.2020; 45(9):1-9
Meister TL, Brüggemann Y, Todt D, et al. Virucidal Efficacy of Different Oral Rinses Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. J Infect Dis. 29.07.2020:XX:1-4
Muhammad IA, Muangchoo K, Muhammad A, et al. A Computational Study to Identify Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (Mpro) from Eucalyptus Active Compounds. computation 09.09.2020
Kramer A, Eggers M, Hübner NO et al. Empfehlung der DGKH. Viruzides Gurgeln und viruzider Nasenspray. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Krankenhaushygiene e.V. 07.12.2020
[5] Sky News. Breaking News. Insect repellent offered to UK military for virus protection. 24.04.2020
[6] GOV.UK. Experimental survival of SARS-CoV-2 on an insect-repellent-treated surface. Ministry of Defence, 26. August 2020.
The striking limitation of the spread of Sars-CoV-2 in China was commented on by President Xi Jinping, who said that 90% of those who recovered had also received traditional Chinese medicine and that their mortality rate was comparatively reduced.[1] China is the world’s largest producer of para-menthane 3.8-diol.
E.G. “Chinese healing oil”, “Japanese healing oil”, “Listerine Cool Mint”, “Bronchoforton”, “essential oils”, “essential oils” owe their hundreds of millions of healing effects to PMD.
Wolff Geisler
[1] Wuhan, Pressekonferenz 23.03.2020
Secrets of HIV-Aids Journal 